Sportmedizin
ANTI-DOPING
COMMENT

The Responsibility of Sports Medicine in Competitive Sports

COMMENT

The  Responsibility  of  Sports  Medicine  in  Competitive Sports
Comment on the editorial „Doping in Competitive Sports in West Germany“(Statement  of  German  university  lecturers  and  the  Science Board of the DGSP (German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention), Deut Z Sportmed 62 (2011) 343.The discussion on a consensual statement of university lecturers of German sports medicine on the issue of doping demonstrated that sports medicine is fully aware of its responsibility in this respect (11). However, the question must be allowed: Why only now, why has not anybody taken a critical look at various studies yet? The studies on anabolic steroids which are now condemned have been available to the scientific community for a long time and are known to the majority.
Another  question  remains  open.  Why  this  sudden  rush  although  there  was  a  great  need  for  discussion?  The  statement  of university lecturers refers, among others, to the study “Doping in Deutschland von 1950 bis heute aus historisch-soziologischer Sicht im Kontext ethischer Legitimation“ (“Doping in Germany from 1950 to today from a historical-sociological point of view in the context of ethical legitimation”) commissioned by DOSB (German Olympic Sports Federation) and BISp (Federal Institute for Sport Science). The results for the period of the 1970s and 1980s were presented in Berlin on 27/09/2011 and at a press conference which took place one day before. The magazine „Der Spiegel“ had already reported beforehand.  An  analysis  by  the  project  advisory  board  had  not been carried out at this time. In my opinion, a thorough review and subsequent statement after the presentation of the written version would have proved to be more useful than premature reactions to reports and comments.
With  respect  to  all  critical  statements,  the  scientific  state  of data (not the published opinion) at the relevant time must not be disregarded. I already made this clear elsewhere prior to the discussion on the statements of university lecturers and will repeat some of these remarks in the following.
The 1970s were characterized by a scientific discussion on effects and side effects of anabolic steroids in healthy athletes. The effects were called into question by some scientists. At a symposium  of  the  Max  Planck  Society  in  1977,  prominent  endocrinologists and basic researchers denied a performance-enhancing effect and  referred  to  it  as  a  pseudo-problem.  They  suggested  broadbased studies in which athletes with and without anabolic agents are medically observed over a longer period of time. As early as in the 1960s, side effects of anabolic agents were well known. These studies, however, were animal experiments or comprised findings examined in patients. From the mid-1960s, a series of studies on effects and side effects of anabolic agents in healthy subjects, mostly athletes, were published in renowned international journals such as Journal of Applied Physiology 1965 (3), Science 1969 (7), British Medical Journal 1975 (4), The Lancet 1976 (5), Clinical Science 1981 (6). The volunteers were not always clearly characterized (weight lifters,  well-trained  athletes,  „athletic  men“).  In  most  of  the  studies, methandienone was used, the daily dosage was 10 to 25mg and even 100mg in two studies. The findings as regards an increase in muscle strength varied. The described side effects (complaints, blood pressure, liver enzymes) ranged from no side effects to their disappearance after stopping the intake of anabolic agents.
What is remarkable is a quotation from a publication of 1988 (10): „Some investigators have suggested that the hazards of anabolic steroids may be overstated in the diseased population and are minimal or absent in healthy subjects. Yet, many questions are unanswered. Current data do not link life-threatening side effects with  intermittent  use  of  anabolic  steroids.  However,  many  concerns remain”. I do not share this view, because I think that, at this time, the health risks were sufficiently known. Most of the studies also give the impression that side effects were marginally described and discussed. On the other hand, this publication points out that even in 1988, there was no scientific consensus.
In the 1980s, there was another problem. The thesis about an allegedly  necessary  substitution  with  testosterone  especially  in endurance  sports  was  propagated.  It  was  speculated  that  it  allowed shorter times of regeneration and higher training loads. This resulted in the conduction of a multicenter study authorized by the Federal Institute for Sport Science and designed to scientifically review these allegations. I took part in this project with my institute, since  I  was  convinced  to  be  able  to  contribute  to  refuting  previous allegations and, in so doing, to at least restrict the increasing use of testosterone in endurance sports. The Saarbrücken studies of the multicenter project did not include any elite athletes. Several testosterone studies exist in the international literature of the last  20  years,  published  for  example  in  The  New  England  Journal of  Medicine  1996  (2)  or  JAMA  1999  (9).  It  is  particularly  a  study from the laboratory for doping analyses Lausanne which has to be mentioned, published in 2006 (1). In this study, also the influence of testosterone on endurance and regeneration was examined. No effect could be proven.
The present discussions showed that studies with doping substances are considered as questionable and, a priori, even negative especially if carried out by sports physicians active in competitive sports. As a result, compulsory directives should be determined in order  to  prevent  the  suspicion  of  conflicts  of  interest  in  the  first place. Therefore, I expressly welcome the establishment of a „Conflict of Interest Policy“. Sports medical know how, however, will be indispensable. The same applies to the membership of sports physicians experienced in competitive sports in committees of sports associations and anti-doping organizations. Those who know meetings of such committees will have noticed that specific knowledge of experience in competitive sports is necessary if appropriate decisions are to be brought about.
What is superfluous in the statement of university lecturers, because it is misleading, is the remark „that doping methods at the time  of  political  block  confrontation  were  partly  demanded  and even financially supported by politics“. Even if this was perceived like this, it remains the medical responsibility which cannot be taken on by no one else.
In an editorial in this journal in 1987, I already mentioned the Bermuda Triangle of high-performance sport: commercialization –  competition  inflation  –  doping  (8).  The  activity  in  the  area  of competitive sports is a sensitive field and represents special requirements for the sports physician. I had written at that time that the danger for a medicine man of wearing out in this triangle is not negligible. It is therefore important not to let oneself get taken in by whomever. Comments on influences outside medicine do not serve any purpose in this connection even if a justification within  this  context  is  denied  in  a  subsequent  sentence.  Sports physicians should not refer to a prevention strategy for disadvantages, as discussed by historians of the above-mentioned current research project.
The  statement  of  university  lecturers  underlines  that  qualified medical care in competitive sports is part of the functions of university  sports  medicine.  I  fully  agree  with  this  opinion.  There is no doubt that, in this context, health receives highest priority. On  top  of  that,  athletes  can  expect  to  be  provided  sports  medical care in such a way that they achieve the level of performance they can obtain as a result of their talent and their training. This includes, for example, performance diagnostics and monitoring of training. The medical care of elite athletes is part of the essential competences of sports medicine. However, it is recommended to maintain – especially material – independence and not allow oneself to be exploited. Full-time activities in competitive sports are therefore to be declined. Sports medicine is much more than only high-performance sport!

LITERATUR

  1. Baume N, Schumacher YO, Sottas PE, Bagutti C, Cauderay M, Mangin P, Saugy M Effect of multiple oral doses of androgenic anabolic steroids on endurance performance and serum indices of physicalstress in healthy male subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 98 (2006) 329-340.
  2. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Bermann N, Callegari C, Clevenger B,Phillips J, Bunnel TJ, Tricker R, Shirazi A, Casaburi R The effectsof supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength innormal men. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1-7.
  3. Fowler WM, Gardner GW, Egstrom GH Effect of an anabolic steroid on physical performance of young men. J Appl Physiol 20 (1965)1038-1040.
  4. Freed DL, Banks AJ, Longson D, Burley DM Anabolic steroids inathletics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters. Br Med J 2 (1975)471-473.
  5. Hervey GR, Hutchinson I, Knibbs AV, Burkinshaw L, Jones PRM,Norgan NG, Levell MJ „Anabolic“ effcts of methandienone in menundergoing athletic training. Lancet 2 (1976) 699-702.
  6. Hervey GR, Knibbs AV, Burkinshaw L, Morgan DB, Jones PR,Chettle DR, Vartsky D Effects of methandienone on the performance and body composition of men undergoing athletic training. ClinSci 60 (1981) 457-461.
  7. Johnson LC, O’Shea JP Anabolic steroid: effcts on strength development. Science 164 (1969) 957-959.
  8. Kindermann W Editorial. Dtsch Z Sportmed 38 (Sonderheft 1987) 3.
  9. King DS, Sharp RL, Vukovich MD, Brown GA, Reifenrath TA,Uhl NL, Parsons KA Effct of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 281 (1999) 2020-2028.
  10. Windsor RE, Dumitru D Anabolic steroid use by athletes. How serious are the health hazards? Postgrad Med 84 (1988) 37-38, 41-43,47-49.
  11. Wissenschaftsrat der DGSP Doping im Leistungssport in Westdeutschland. Stellungnahme der Hochschullehrer der deutschen Sportmedizin. Dtsch Z Sportmed 62 (2011) 343-344.
Korrespondenzadresse:
Prof. Dr. Wilfried Kindermann
Institut für Sport-und Präventivmedizin
Universität des Saarlandes
66123 Saarbrücken
E-Mail: w.kindermann@mx.uni-saarland.de